LED and digitalPulse/digitalWrite/analogWrite and *read

Take a look at the pinMode() function.

When pin mode is set to automatic - by executing pinMode( pin ) w/ no 2nd argument - before read or write operation, then read and write defines at the same time the wether the pin is input or output pin. The pin is not a register that you set or unset and then read back what you have set (or unset). What you get back depends on how the pin is setup in detail. For simplicity - when in auto mode - write sets the pin in output mode - and will apply power (make the pin sink or source), read sets the pin in input mode.

After ESPRUINO is started, you can ask the mode of a pin with getPinMode(pin). You will notice that different pins are set to different modes.

The A13, A14, and A15 pins - respective LED1 (red), LED2 (green), and LED3 (blue) - pins are set to 'output' - as you can verify with getPinMode(A13) - and it is in automatic mode. Executing digitalRead(A13) makes it an input. If LED1 was off before the read, you get 0 back, and when LED1 was on, you get 1; but notice that when it was on, the read will making it to go off, because the pin is not powered anymore.

When pin mode is with second argument - pinMode(pin,mode) with mode a string that is either 'input', 'input_pullup', 'input_pulldown', 'output', 'opendrain', 'af_output' or 'af_opendrain' - the mode is fixed set, and digitalRead(), analogRead(), digitalWrite(), and analogWrite() do not change the input/output mode.

Interesting though is, than when you do a digitalWrite(A13,1) while A13 is in fix input mode ('input', 'input_pullup', 'input_pulldown') and then do an 'output', LED1 goes on... because A13 output register is now connected with pin...

Returning back to automatic mode, execute a pinMode(pin) - no 2nd argument.

About open and pulled-up/down input:

1. floating input - if nothing is connected and you read, it is not defined what you get... the noise may give you a 1 or 0 for digitalRead() or a value from 0.000...0.999 (almost 1) for analogRead(). If you connect the pin with 0V(Ground/GND) or 3.3V with something no matter how weak - like a resistor of 100M - you will get a 0 or 1 for digitalRead () and a 0.000 or 0.999 (almost 1) for an analogRead().
   
2. pulled-up input - is an input that has an internal connected to 3.3V over a 30..40KOhm resistor. Of nothing is connected and you read you get 1 and 0.9999..., respective. If you connect something that has less resistance than the internal pull-up resistor to 0, you get 0 and 0.000, respective. If you connect it to 3.3V, you get the same readings as with no connection.
   
3. pulled-down input - is like 2., but with reversed values for your readings: unconnected 0 and 0.000, respective.
   
   

Attached schematics may help a bit. Google found it for me and with a bit poking around in the Web, I came across these http://www.gahum.com/index.php?title=EDU­CATIONAL&subtitle=PROGRAMMING, http://112.210.106.111/ECE423/ links... which ended up on the .pdf w/ the schematics - http://112.210.106.111/ECE423/ECE423N_DA­Y5.pdf?

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