While not immediately applicable, the timers behave in a similar way on the F103 in the original Espruino board, so with the work you've done peeking all the register values, you should be able to get something working pretty quickly.
Espruino is a JavaScript interpreter for low-power Microcontrollers. This site is both a support community for Espruino and a place to share what you are working on.
Great - thanks for posting this! I'll fix the manual link.
There's a tutorial on how to access a bit more of the timers on the STM32F4 here:
http://www.espruino.com/STM32+Peripherals
While not immediately applicable, the timers behave in a similar way on the F103 in the original Espruino board, so with the work you've done peeking all the register values, you should be able to get something working pretty quickly.