All I could suggest is that you make sure you reformat the SD card in FAT32, and make sure that the connections you gave really are the right ones for where you've plugged in the SD card shield.
Maybe try and stick a scope on the data pins and see if they really are working when you try and access the card.
People definitely have had it working on the F4 though, so I'd imagine it's something relatively simple.
Espruino is a JavaScript interpreter for low-power Microcontrollers. This site is both a support community for Espruino and a place to share what you are working on.
All I could suggest is that you make sure you reformat the SD card in FAT32, and make sure that the connections you gave really are the right ones for where you've plugged in the SD card shield.
Maybe try and stick a scope on the data pins and see if they really are working when you try and access the card.
People definitely have had it working on the F4 though, so I'd imagine it's something relatively simple.